Jainism

What Is Jainism?

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion focused on nonviolence, truth, and self-discipline. It emphasizes spiritual development through ethical conduct and meditation. Jainism’s central goal is achieving liberation (moksha) by freeing the soul from karmic bondage, leading to eternal bliss and knowledge.

Core Concepts

• Ahimsa (Nonviolence): The cornerstone of Jain philosophy, extending to all living beings, including insects and microorganisms.

• Anekantavada (Many-Sidedness): The belief in multiple perspectives and the relativity of truth.

• Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness): Encouraging detachment from material possessions and desires.

• Karma: Seen as a physical substance that binds to the soul due to actions, influencing future experiences.

• Five Vows: Nonviolence, truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possessiveness.

Related Points and Key Texts

• Tirthankaras: Spiritual teachers who have achieved liberation and guide others. Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is a central figure.

• Agamas: Sacred texts containing the teachings of Mahavira.

• Kalpasutra: A significant Jain scripture detailing the lives of Tirthankaras.

• Jain Symbols: The hand with a wheel (Ahimsa symbol) and the Swastika, representing the four states of existence.

Historical Context

Jainism emerged in India around the 6th century BCE, alongside Buddhism. Mahavira, the religion’s most notable proponent, revitalized and systematized its principles. Jainism flourished under the patronage of various Indian dynasties and played a significant role in shaping Indian culture and philosophy. Despite its ancient roots, Jainism remains a living tradition with millions of adherents worldwide.

Subsects

1. Digambara (Sky-Clad): Followers believe monks should renounce all possessions, including clothing, symbolizing absolute detachment.

2. Svetambara (White-Clad): Followers wear simple white garments, emphasizing modesty over complete renunciation.

3. Terapanthi: A reformist subsect within Svetambara, focusing on strict discipline and centralized leadership.

4. Sthanakvasi: Another Svetambara subsect, emphasizing meditation and simplicity, rejecting temple worship.

Modern Methodology and Practices

• Daily Practices: Prayer, meditation, and rituals centered around the Tirthankaras.

• Diet: Strict vegetarianism, with many Jains practicing veganism to avoid harm to animals.

• Community Service: Engagement in charitable acts and environmental conservation.

• Festivals: Celebrations like Paryushana (a period of fasting and reflection) and Mahavir Jayanti (birth anniversary of Mahavira).

• Temples: Places of worship adorned with intricate carvings, such as the Dilwara Temples in Rajasthan.

Why It Matters

Jainism offers a profound philosophy of compassion, discipline, and environmental consciousness. Its teachings on nonviolence and ethical living have influenced global movements for peace and sustainability. By studying Jainism, individuals can explore pathways to inner peace and harmonious coexistence.

References and Resources

1. “The Jains” by Paul Dundas.

2. “Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation” by Helmuth von Glasenapp.

3. Jainworld.com – Comprehensive resources on Jain philosophy and practices.

4. Jaina.org – Federation of Jain Associations in North America.

5. “That Which Is” (Tattvartha Sutra) – A key Jain text by Umasvati.

6. Paryushan.info – Information on Jain festivals and rituals.

7. Ahimsa Foundation – Promotes Jain values of nonviolence and ecology.

8. “The Heart of Jainism” by Sinclair Stevenson.

9. Sacred-Texts.com – Digital library of Jain scriptures.

10. The Institute of Jainology – Promotes academic study and awareness of Jainism.